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May 16, 2009

Taxation by Joseph J. Minarik


Article From Library of Economics:


In recent years, taxation has been one of the most prominent and controversial topics in economic policy. Taxation has been a principal issue in every presidential election since 1980—with a large tax cut as a winning issue in 1980, a pledge of “Read my lips: no new taxes” in the 1988 campaign, and a statement that “It’s your money” providing an enduring image of the 2000 campaign. Taxation was also the subject of major, and largely inconsistent, policy changes. It remains a source of ongoing debate.
Objectives

Economists specializing in public finance have long enumerated four objectives of tax policy: simplicity, efficiency, fairness, and revenue sufficiency. While these objectives are widely accepted, they often conflict, and different economists have different views of the appropriate balance among them.

Simplicity means that compliance by the taxpayer and enforcement by the revenue authorities should be as easy as possible. Further, the ultimate tax liability should be certain. A tax whose amount is easily manipulated through decisions in the private marketplace (by investing in “tax shelters,” for example) can cause tremendous complexity for taxpayers, who attempt to reduce what they owe, and for revenue authorities, who attempt to maintain government receipts.

Efficiency means that taxation interferes as little as possible in the choices people make in the private marketplace. The tax law should not induce a businessman to invest in real estate instead of research and development—or vice versa. Further, tax policy should, as little as possible, discourage work or investment, as opposed to leisure or consumption. Issues of efficiency arise from the fact that taxes always affect behavior. Taxing an activity (such as earning a living) is similar to a price increase. With the tax in place, people will typically buy less of a good—or partake in less of an activity—than they would in the absence of the tax.

The most efficient tax system possible is one that few low-income people would want. That superefficient tax is a head tax, by which all individuals are taxed the same amount, regardless of income or any other individual characteristics. A head tax would not reduce the incentive to work, save, or invest. The problem with such a tax, however, is that it would take the same amount from a high-income person as from a low-income person. It could even take the entire income of low-income people. And even a head tax would distort people’s choices somewhat, by giving them an incentive to have fewer children, to live and work in the underground economy, or even to emigrate.

Within the realm of what is practical, the goal of efficiency is to minimize the ways in which taxes affect people’s choices. A major philosophical issue among economists is whether tax policy should purposefully deviate from efficiency in order to encourage taxpayers to pursue positive economic objectives (such as saving) or to avoid harmful economic activities (such as smoking). Most economists would accept some role for taxation in so steering economic choices, but economists disagree on two important points: how well policymakers can presume to know which objectives we should pursue (e.g., is discouraging smoking an infringement on personal freedom?), and the extent of our ability to influence taxpayer choices without unwanted side effects (e.g., will tax breaks for saving merely reward those with the most discretionary income for actually saving little more than they would without a tax break?).

Fairness, to most people, requires that equally situated taxpayers pay equal taxes (“horizontal equity”) and that better-off taxpayers pay more tax (“vertical equity”). Although these objectives seem clear enough, fairness is very much in the eye of the beholder. There is little agreement over how to judge whether two taxpayers are equally situated. For example, one taxpayer might receive income from working while another receives the same income from inherited wealth. And even if one taxpayer is clearly better off than another, there is little agreement about how much more the better-off person should pay. Most people believe that fairness dictates that taxes be “progressive,” meaning that higher-income taxpayers pay not only more, but also proportionately more. However, a significant minority takes the position that tax rates should be flat, with everyone paying the same proportion of their taxable income. Moreover, the idea of vertical equity (i.e., the “proper” amount of progressivity) often directly contradicts another notion of fairness, the “benefit principle.” According to this principle, those who benefit more from the operations of government should pay more tax.

Revenue sufficiency might seem a fairly obvious criterion of tax policy. Yet the federal government’s budget has gone from enormous deficit to large surplus, and back again, in just ten years. Part of the reason for the deficit is that revenue sufficiency may conflict with efficiency and fairness. Economists who believe that income taxes strongly reduce incentives to work or save, and economists who believe that typical families already are unfairly burdened by heavy taxes, might resist tax increases that would move the federal budget toward balance.

Likewise, other objectives of tax policy conflict with one another. High tax rates for upper-income households are inefficient but are judged by some to make the tax system fairer. Intricate legal provisions to prevent tax sheltering—and thus make taxes fairer—would also make the tax code more complex. Such conflicts among policy objectives are a constant constraint on the making of tax policy.
The U.S. Tax System

At the federal level, total tax collections have hovered in a fairly narrow range around 19 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) since the end of the Korean War, though the percentage was down sharply in 2003 (see Table 1). The individual income tax has provided just under half of that revenue over the entire period. The corporation income tax was the source of almost a third of total revenue at the beginning of the period, but it has declined dramatically to under 10 percent today. In mirror image, the payroll tax for Social Security began at just under 10 percent of total revenue but increased sharply to about 40 percent as the elderly population and inflation-adjusted Social Security benefits grew and as the Medicare program was added to the system. The relative contribution of excise taxes (primarily on alcohol, tobacco, gasoline, and telephone services) has declined significantly.

One little-recognized aspect of the development of federal taxes is the gradual decline of revenues other than those earmarked for the Social Security and Medicare programs. Although total federal taxes are a roughly constant percentage of GDP, the Social Security payroll tax has increased significantly while other taxes have been cut in approximately equal measure. The result has been that federal revenues available for programs other than Social Security and Medicare have been squeezed from almost 17 percent of GDP in 1954 to as little as 10 percent in 2003.

States rely primarily on sales taxes, but income taxes are becoming increasingly important. Local governments rely most heavily on property taxes. Contrary to what many believe, any explosion in taxation has been at the state and local levels. Unlike federal taxes, state and local taxes have increased substantially—from about 6 percent of GDP in 1954 to 9 percent in 2002 (see Table 2).

Thus, although the level of federal taxes has been relatively constant for nearly thirty years, total taxes have increased because state and local taxes have increased. (The data in Tables 1 and 2 are computed on different accounting years and procedures, and thus cannot be added together; the general picture they suggest is, however, accurate.) The increase in state and local taxes has added to the taxpayers’ burden and has limited the federal government’s ability to cut the federal deficit and to increase spending. It is true, though, that the federal government requires state and local governments to provide various government services.
Table 1 Federal Tax Revenues by Type of Tax, Percentages of GDP for Selected Fiscal Years
Year Individual Income Corporate Income Social Security Excise Other Total
1954 7.8 5.6 1.9 2.6 0.5 18.5
1959 7.5 3.5 2.4 2.2 0.6 16.2
1964 7.6 3.7 3.4 2.1 0.7 17.6
1969 9.2 3.9 4.1 1.6 0.9 19.7
1974 8.3 2.7 5.2 1.2 1.0 18.3
1979 8.7 2.6 5.6 0.7 0.9 18.5
1984 7.8 1.5 6.2 1.0 0.9 17.3
1989 8.3 1.9 6.7 0.6 0.9 18.3
1994 7.8 2.0 6.6 0.8 0.8 18.1
1999 9.6 2.0 6.7 0.8 0.9 20.0
2003 7.3 1.2 6.6 0.6 0.7 16.5
Source: Office of Management and Budget.

Table 2 State and Local Tax Revenues by Type of Tax, Percentages of GDP
Year Individual Income Corporate Income Property Sales Other Total
1954 0.3 0.2 2.5 1.7 1.1 5.8
1959 0.4 0.2 2.9 2.2 0.9 6.7
1964 0.6 0.3 3.3 2.5 0.9 7.5
1969 1.0 0.4 3.3 2.9 0.8 8.4
1974 1.4 0.4 3.3 3.2 0.8 9.1
1979 1.5 0.5 2.5 3.0 0.7 8.3
1984 1.7 0.5 2.5 3.1 0.8 8.6
1989 1.9 0.4 2.7 3.1 0.7 8.9
1994 1.9 0.4 2.8 3.3 0.7 9.1
1999 2.1 0.4 2.6 3.3 0.7 9.1
2003 1.9 0.3 2.8 3.1 0.7 8.8
Source: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Note: Data are not comparable to those in Table 1.

Recent Tax Policy Changes

Much of the recent interest in tax policy has focused on the federal individual and corporate income taxes. Advocates of “supply-side economics” (most prominently, Arthur Laffer) believed that income taxes had severely blunted incentives to work, save, and invest and that the income tax burden had become excessive. Congress passed substantial income tax cuts in 1981, 2001, and 2003, which provided for substantial cuts in income tax rates along with significant tax inducements for business investment. In the face of a rapidly rising budget deficit, some of the 1981 tax cuts were partially repealed in 1982, 1990, and 1993.

An even more radical tax restructuring was passed in 1986. This law, like the 1981 law, also significantly reduced income tax rates. It was, however, radically different from the 1981 tax cuts in a more meaningful sense, in that all of the tax rate cuts were “paid for” by the elimination of tax incentives—including the remaining business investment inducements from 1981. While this tax “reform” simplified the tax law in some respects, it also included complicated provisions designed to prevent tax sheltering and provided significant tax relief for low-income taxpayers, especially families with children.

Tax scholars observed the experience of the 1980s closely to learn more about how taxes affect economic choices. While much controversy remains, certain results seem clear. First, as many economists expected, the two reductions of tax rates over the 1980s apparently did induce greater work effort, especially by married women. In 1988, according to Brookings Institute economists Barry Bosworth and Gary Burtless, men between the ages of twenty-five and sixty-four worked 5.2 percent more hours than they would have under the pre-1981 tax code; women aged twenty-five to sixty-four worked 5.8 percent more; and married women worked 8.8 percent more. These increased hours would translate into the equivalent of almost five million full-time jobs.

Second, household saving fell in the face of tax rate cuts and substantial targeted tax incentives for saving, strongly suggesting that taxes have a limited impact, at best, on saving. Studies by economists Steven F. Venti and David Wise (1987) suggest that individual retirement accounts (IRAs) were successful in encouraging new saving, but a study by William G. Gale and John Karl Scholz (1994) indicates that much of the IRA deposits came from households that had already accumulated considerable wealth and could simply transfer it into the tax-favored accounts. Subsequent papers by James Poterba, Venti, and Wise (1996) and by Eric Engen, Gale, and Scholz (1996) reinforced these contrary positions, while more recent work by Orazio Attanasio and Thomas DeLeire (2002) found very little positive impact of IRAs on saving. And finally, while business investment did increase after the 1981–1982 recession (as documented by Harvard’s Martin S. Feldstein), other economists (notably Barry P. Bosworth of Brookings) argue that this increase came primarily in assets (such as computers) that were not highly favored by the tax law. In fact, investment in equipment increased to a record percentage of GDP in the 1990s after the incentives were repealed in the 1986 tax reform, though Alan Auerbach and Kevin Hassett (1991) argue that it would have increased even more strongly if investment incentives had been continued.

Distribution of the Tax Burden

Many economists judge the fairness of the tax system largely on how the tax burden is distributed among different income groups. Further, some economists use the distribution of the tax burden as a major criterion of the success or failure of the tax changes of recent years. Despite considerable effort and innovative methods, however, estimates of the distribution of the tax burden are still limited by imperfect data and the differing perspectives of investigators.

Economists with the Congressional Budget Office have attempted to measure what percentage of overall income is paid in federal taxes of all kinds by various income groups. They assumed that all the corporate income tax is borne by owners of business capital and that the employer’s share of the Social Security payroll tax is borne by workers, through lower wages. With these assumptions, they reached two important findings, both summarized in Table 3. First, the higher a family’s income, the higher the percentage of income that family pays in federal taxes. In other words, the federal tax system as a whole is highly progressive. Second, between 1980 and 2000, the percentage of income paid in federal taxes of all forms decreased for the 80 percent of families with the lowest incomes taken as a group, and increased for the 20 percent with the highest incomes (see Table 3). The increases were small, with no identified group paying as much as one percentage point of their income more. Likewise, the declines among lower-income households were no more than two percentage points of income. Since 2000, there have been substantial new tax cuts, providing relatively more relief for upper-income households.

Although upper-income families paid a larger percentage of their income in tax in 2000 than they did in 1980, they received a much larger share of total taxable income by the end of the period. One reason the taxable income of upper-income families is higher is that changes in the tax law, particularly in 1986, caused many upper-income families to reallocate their portfolios from nontaxable instruments like municipal bonds to assets that yield taxable income. But there also is evidence that the distribution of income simply became less equal. The net result is that upper-income families now pay a larger share of the total tax burden, but also have much higher after-tax incomes. So, for example, the 1 percent of households with the highest incomes paid 14.2 percent of all federal taxes in 1980 and 25.6 percent in 2000—and still saw their share of after-tax income more than double, from 7.7 percent in 1980 to 15.5 percent in 2000.

Table 3 Federal Taxes as a Percentage of Family Income, 1980 and 2000
Quintile of Families (Ranked by Income) 1980 2000 Change
Lowest 7.7 6.4 −1.3
Second 14.1 13.0 −1.1
Third 18.7 16.7 −2.0
Fourth 21.5 20.5 −1.0
Highest 27.3 28.0 0.7
Top 10 percent 29.0 29.7 0.7
Top 5 percent 30.8 31.1 0.3
Top 1 percent 34.6 33.2 −1.4
All 22.2 23.1 0.9
Source: Congressional Budget Office.

Current Tax Issues

Tax policy remains controversial, and some economists continue to argue for large-scale revision of the federal tax system. Princeton’s David F. Bradford and Stanford’s Robert E. Hall have advocated slightly different forms of a flat-rate tax on labor income coupled with immediate deduction (“expensing”) of the cost of all investment for the corporate income tax. Some conservative economists, such as Charles E. McLure Jr., and some liberal ones, such as Alice M. Rivlin, argue for a broad-based federal tax on consumption, like the sales taxes imposed by the states or the value-added tax (VAT) widely used in Europe. A key issue to consumption-tax advocates is how the proceeds of the tax would be used. Some would insist that the money go to increase federal spending; some would demand that it be used to cut federal income taxes; and some would require that it reduce the deficit. Advocates argue that a tax on consumption would encourage saving; opponents claim that such a tax would unfairly burden low-income families.

In past years, some economists, including Princeton’s Alan Blinder, argued that the income tax should provide a comprehensive adjustment (“indexation”) for inflation to eliminate the inflationary mismeasurement of interest income and expense, depreciation of business investment, and capital gains. A few economists would maintain that indexation should be pursued today. However, an adjustment for inflation would be quite complex; and with inflation as low as 2 percent now, and with little short-term prospect of a substantial increase in inflation, many economists contend that the costs in complexity would exceed the benefits in precise measurement of income.

Some economists, including Martin S. Feldstein and R. Glenn Hubbard, argue for targeted tax cuts for capital gains (the profit from the sale of assets such as corporate stock or real estate) and dividends paid on corporate stock (to reduce or eliminate the so-called double tax on dividends, in which profits are taxed under the corporate income tax and then again when distributed to shareholders as dividends). Such initiatives are typically claimed to add to fairness (through attenuating “double taxation”) and to increase economic growth. Opponents, such as Brookings’s Henry J. Aaron, believe that they would be ineffective and would unduly benefit upper-income groups, who own the most capital assets and have the most discretionary income to save. The 2003 tax law cut the already reduced tax rates on capital gains and established similar reduced individual income tax rates for corporate dividend income. Because these provisions were both controversial and temporary, they will remain the subject of debate. Likewise, the general tax rate cuts enacted in 2001 and accelerated in 2003 remain temporary, expiring at the end of 2010.

Other, more conservative economists advocate greater incentives for household saving, such as allowing withdrawals of nondeductible deposits into designated savings accounts to be tax free. Advocates, such as Eric M. Engen, argue that greater freedom with respect to withdrawals from tax-favored savings accounts would encourage even people with modest incomes, who cannot risk “locking up” their limited funds until retirement, to save. Opponents, including Leonard E. Burman, William G. Gale, and Peter R. Orszag, fear that wealthy people would be able to shield past savings from taxation in perpetuity, thus increasing the federal deficit without undertaking any new saving.

The estate tax will be phased down until it is totally eliminated in 2010, only to return under its pre-2001 configuration in 2011. This provision has proved particularly controversial. Advocates of repeal, such as Council of Economic Advisers Chair N. Gregory Mankiw, argue that the estate tax, whose highest pre-2001 rate, at 55 percent, was significantly higher than the income tax, constituted double taxation and both discouraged effort and increased consumption on the part of older wealthy people. Advocates contend that successful small businesses and farms could be forced to shut down because of insufficient liquidity to pay the tax. Opponents, including William G. Gale, argue that efficiency concerns about the estate tax, whose exemptions were already so high as to excuse 98 percent of all decedents from any tax, were exaggerated. They maintain that much accumulated wealth (such as unrealized capital gains) might not be taxed at all upon death, that policies were already in place to postpone tax for estates with small businesses or farms that might have liquidity problems, and that the new law’s phase-down, repeal, and reinstatement of the estate tax would make sound financial planning virtually impossible.

With taxpayers enjoying tax reductions today that are scheduled to fade away entirely in 2011—and with a sizable and possibly enduring budget deficit—these tax issues will surely remain prominent in the public-policy debate.
Posted by Abe at 3:11 PM
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    A comprehensive study with computer model simulations prove that World Trade Center Building #7 did NOT fall from fire... "WTC 7 Did ...
  • Proofs That Trump Is Nothing But A Dictator, And Tyrant, At Heart
    Background: 1.  The GOP's Dictator Worship Tendencies: Tax Bill Example 2.  An Overview Of Trump's 'Fire And Fury' Scandal...

Popular Posts - For the year thus far

  • Prelude to a new article series on education
    The modern form of scientific thought and analysis emerged from the philosophy of the Ancient Greeks and their writings. Which were passed ...
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 9 (Promoting A Fundamentalist Domestic Terror Group)
    Background/Context: 1.  How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 8 (Helping Cover Up GOP Discrimination Against J...
  • Trump's Top 100 Scandals That The Trump Presidential Library Is Going To Have To Explain Away
    Trump’s 100 Most Tremendous Scandals | The Daily Social Distancing Show Whittled down from a list of 35,000, here are Donald Trump’s 100 Mos...
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 1
    Related:  Media Matters Proves Corporate Media's Journalists Aren't Real Journalists Media Matters:  Senate Republicans waited until...
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 8 (Helping Cover Up GOP Discrimination Against Jews)
    Background: 1.  How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 7 2.  Media Fear Offending Right Wing America While The ...
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 3
     Related: How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 2 Media Matters:  Sunday show coverage of COVID-19 relief neg...
  • Trump Brags About His Test For Dementia As If It Were An Actual Intelligence Test Proving He's Too Mentally Handicapped To Handle ANY Real Job That Isn't Being A Janitor!
    Related: Trump Is Crazy. There's No Denying It. Just Accept It. We Have A Completely Mad President And A Party That Wants A Mad Man In O...
  • Trump Is Crazy. There's No Denying It. Just Accept It. We Have A Completely Mad President And A Party That Wants A Mad Man In Office For Personal Gain!
    Background/Context: 1 -  The GOP's Strategy Has ALWAYS Been To Pick An Idiot For President 2 -  GOP Acquits Trump With No Witnesses, B...
  • Tucker Carlson Is Going Out Of His Way To Help Trump Get People Sick With Coronavirus
    Background:  Misinformation From Fox News Gives The President Coronavirus And Encourages A Super Spreader Event Media Matters:  Trump’s prim...
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 4
     Related: How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 3 Media Matters: Republicans refused to engage on COVID-19 rel...

Popular Posts (Last 30 Days)

  • Politics Update: The GOP & Fox News Take Domestic Terrorism To New Levels
     Background/Context: 1.  The Right Wing Are Basically Terrorists Or "Terrorist Creators" (Alt Right Terrorists Is The Politically ...
  • Tucker Carlson Is Going Out Of His Way To Help Trump Get People Sick With Coronavirus
    Background:  Misinformation From Fox News Gives The President Coronavirus And Encourages A Super Spreader Event Media Matters:  Trump’s prim...
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 9 (Promoting A Fundamentalist Domestic Terror Group)
    Background/Context: 1.  How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 8 (Helping Cover Up GOP Discrimination Against J...
  • Trump's Top 100 Scandals That The Trump Presidential Library Is Going To Have To Explain Away
    Trump’s 100 Most Tremendous Scandals | The Daily Social Distancing Show Whittled down from a list of 35,000, here are Donald Trump’s 100 Mos...
  • Highlights Of The Second Impeachment Trial's Case Against Trump With Late Night Hosts
    GOP Senators Want to "Move On" from Trump's Second Impeachment Trial: A Closer Look Seth takes a closer look at former Presid...
  • Trump's Legacy: A Look At The January 6th Insurrection And Attempted Coup By Trump/GOP/FoxNews
    Looking at the January 6th insurrection and attempted coup from its beginning, as Media Matters analyzed and warned about it, provides a uni...
  • Mainstream Media's War On the People Part 2 - Applying Double Standards To Leadership That Helps Republicans Obstruct The Democrats Majority But Don't Allow The Democrats To Do The Same To The GOP Minority
    Background/Context:  Mainstream Media's War On The People Part 1: Treating Majority Views Of Democrats As Extreme & Extremist Views ...
  • Congratulations To Fox News For Winning The Misinformer Of The Year Award!
    Media Matters:  Misinformer of the Year: Fox News In 2019, the U.S. federal government  ran a simulation  of a global influenza pandemic. A ...
  • Mainstream Media's War On The People: Media Silence On Fox News & The GOP's Continued Incendiary Rhetoric, Given The Insurrection, Indicates Complicity
    Background/Context: 1.  Media Uselessness Example: Ignoring Historical Context To Explain The Trump VS Lincoln Poll Of Republicans 2.  The R...
  • For Fox News, Mass Murder In The U.S. Was Just The Cost Of Doing Business
    FLASHBACK: Warning From The Non-Profit Media Research Group, Media Matters:  With coronavirus, the Fox News-Trump feedback loop will get peo...

Introduction To Culture

  • What is the difference between culture and society?
  • History: The earliest evidence of ritual and myth part 1
  • The earliest evidence of ritual and myth part 2
  • Daniel Quinn’s theories on culture and civilization part 1
  • Daniel Quinn’s theories on culture and civilization part 2
  • Daniel Quinn’s theories on culture and civilization part 3
  • Daniel Quinn’s theories on culture and civilization part 4
  • Could American psychology have a major Native American influence?
  • Jared Diamond’s ‘Guns, Germs and Steel’ Part 1 – Out of Eden
  • Jared Diamond’s ‘Guns, Germs and Steel’ Part 2 – Conquest and the Tropics
  • Joseph Campbell puts culture and society in perspective
  • Reflection of Cultural Perspectives Through Gardening
  • Psychology: An introduction to the use of psychology in understanding culture and society
  • Having More Than One Head... Do Myths, Such As Medusa, Contain Slivers of Truth?
  • How Can Psychiatrists Be Allowed To Prescribe A Physical Substance For A Mental Disease That Has No Biological Source?
  • Has The USA Become Like A Sort Of Disneyland?
  • American Lion: Andrew Jackson in The Whitehouse
  • Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (Book Review)
  • The Constitution Is A Liberal Document & The Founding Fathers Were Liberals
  • Our Title Comes Second. What We Are (CITIZENS) Comes First. - Obama

Learning & Education

  • Prelude to a new article series on education
  • Learning and Education With The 'Socratic Method'
  • The Power Of Your Brain: Brain Plasticity & IQ Enhancement
  • How Emotions Cloud Judgement: An Introduction To True Empathy
  • Introduction To NLP, It's Therapeutic Models & The 5 Minute Phobia Cure (With A Talk By Richard Bandler)
  • Basics of Body Language and Lie Detection
  • Book Review: What Is Intelligence? - The Flyn Effect
  • Problems With The "No Child Left Behind" Act In 3 Interviews
  • Education Part 1 - The Problem Of Psychiatric Drugs
  • How Can Psychiatrists Be Allowed To Prescribe A Physical Substance For A Mental Disease That Has No Biological Source?
  • The Fragmentation of Knowledge Part 1 [Or, The case against over-specialization in theory based academics]

Animals

  • Animals And Humans Share DNA, A Nervous System, Intelligence, Creativity And Emotions (Such As Empathy)
  • The Modern Dodo: Meet The Flightless Parrot Called The Kakapo
  • Incredible Animals: A Look At Elephant Intelligence (They Can Paint, Count, Communicate etc.)
  • Incredible Animals: A Look At Parrot Intelligence
  • Incredible Animals: A Look At Raccoon Intelligence
  • Incredible Animals: A Look At Whale Intelligence
  • Incredible Animals: A Look At Dolphin Intelligence

Media's War On The People

  • Mainstream Media's War On the People Part 2 - Applying Double Standards To Leadership That Helps Republicans Obstruct The Democrats Majority But Don't Allow The Democrats To Do The Same To The GOP Minority
  • Mainstream Media's War On The People Part 1: Treating Majority Views Of Democrats As Extreme & Extremist Views Of Republicans As Normal
  • Mainstream Media's War On The People: Media Silence On Fox News & The GOP's Continued Incendiary Rhetoric, Given The Insurrection, Indicates Complicity
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 10 (Making A Few Bad Apples Seem Like The Whole Apple Grove)
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 9 (Promoting A Fundamentalist Domestic Terror Group)
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 8 (Helping Cover Up GOP Discrimination Against Jews)
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 7
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 6
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 5
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 4
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 3
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 2
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 1
  • Media Matters Proves Corporate Media's Journalists Aren't Real Journalists
  • Mainstream Media Is Markedly Pro-Right Wing Lies
  • Mainstream Media Is Markedly Pro-Right Wing Lies - Part 2
  • Media Matters: NY Times Shouldn't Treat Matters Of Facts As Opinions, And Opinions Shouldn’t Be Treated As Matters Of Fact
  • We Know That Most People Only Read Headlines So Is Mainstream Media Being Incredibly Stupid Or Are They Intentionally Pushing Untruths?
  • Washington Post & NY Times Buried The Lead - And The Facts - With A Pro-Republican Lies Push On A Coronavirus Bill
  • CNN's "Civility" Argument Shows CNN Anchors/Hosts Can't Put Facts In Context Of What's Going On!
  • The Ultimate Proofs That Fox News Is Basically Just A Group Of White Supremacists/Nationalists/Nazis

Politics

  • Fox Used To Pretend It Was Part News And Part Opinion. That Pretense Is Over. Now Its Lies All the Time.
  • After Helping To Cancel 500,000 Lives With Coronavirus Misinformation, Fox News Conservatives Go On TV To Complain About Cancel Culture
  • For Fox News, Mass Murder In The U.S. Was Just The Cost Of Doing Business
  • Congratulations To Fox News For Winning The Misinformer Of The Year Award!
  • Fox News Merged With The Trump Administration And Showed Up What They Are Made Of Over The Last 4 Years
  • With Democrats in Control of the White House, House and the Senate They Must Get Rid Of The Filibuster Or Choose Undemocratic Minority Rule
  • Daily Show & Colbert Report Prove That Fox News Is Fake News
  • Daily Show: Jordan Klepper vs. Trump Supporters
  • Trump's Legacy: A Look At The January 6th Insurrection And Attempted Coup By Trump/GOP/FoxNews
  • Hypocrisy On Display: Ted Cruz Demonstrates What He Stands For (Texas Winter Power Outage 2021)
  • Texas Winter Power Outage 2021: GOP And Fox News Lie And Demonize To Hide Their Economic Incompetence
  • Mitch McConnell Pretends to Be Honorable After Avoiding To Convict Trump For Treason Again, Again!
  • Highlights Of Trump's Acquittal With Late Night Hosts (2nd Senate Trial)
  • Highlights Of The Second Impeachment Trial's Case Against Trump With Late Night Hosts
  • The Rights War On The Left - A Walk Through Some Of The Intimidation/Bullying/Terror Tactics Fox News Uses
  • The Rights War On The Left (Blaming The Left For Everything Is A Standard Tactic Of GOP & Fox News)
  • The Real Divide In America Is Establishment VS Non/Anti-Establishment ("We The People") - With Robert Reich
  • Politics Update: The GOP & Fox News Take Domestic Terrorism To New Levels
  • GOP, Fox News & Right Wing Media Are Waging War On Rule Of Law
  • Class Warfare: How The GOP, Fox News & Billionaires Make Nonsense Sound Like Common Sense
  • Lou Dobbs: One Of The Creepiest Authoritarian Style Newsperson From Fox News Was Just Fired Because Of A Multi Billion Lawsuit Against Fox For Its Lies
  • After Helping Trump Lie & Deceive The People For Four Years, On Trump's Last Day, Mitch McConnell Pretends to Be Honorable After Avoiding To Impeach Trump For Treason, Again!
  • Trump's Top 100 Scandals That The Trump Presidential Library Is Going To Have To Explain Away
  • Tucker Carlson Is Going Out Of His Way To Help Trump Get People Sick With Coronavirus
  • Joe Biden's Vote For The Iraq War Proves He Lacks Leadership Qualities That Are Needed To Run A Country (Such As The Ability To Tell Right From Wrong, i.e. Biden Is Incompetent, At The Very Least)

GOP's Height Of Hypocrisy Series

  • Seth Meyers: Trump And His Allies Are Lying In The Exact Same Ways The Bush Administration Lied Us Into A Catastrophic War In Iraq Nearly 17 years Ago
  • The Anti-Diplomacy And Anti-Deal Making Party: The GOP Used Bullying And Assassination To Start A War With Iran
  • The United States Of Russia: Why Is Trump Always Sucking Putin's Dick? And Why Are The GOP Joining Him? If You Can't Beat 'Em Join 'Em?
  • As Anti-American As A Party Can Get: Trump Sees Himself As A King And The GOP Are More Than Willing To Comply And Treat Him Like A King (Fighting A King Is What Created The USA In The First Place!)
  • Mitch McConnell: The Most Anti-American And Un-Constitutional Politician Of All Time?
  • Lindsey Graham's Hypocrisy On Impeachment Is Epic
  • Snapshot Of The Present: Colbert Calls The GOP "A Spineless Group of Self-Interested Toadies Who Would Rather See The Country Destroyed Then Stand Up To An Out Of Control, Narcissistic Toddler."
  • A Snapshot Of The Modern Political & Media Structure Under A GOP President (With Seth Meyers)
  • GOP Hypocrisy...The Republicans Basic Argument Is: We Are Going To Hurt & Betray The Country But You Should Be Nice To Us... While We Lie & Incite Terror!
  • Republicans Demonstrate What "The Height Of Hypocrisy" Looks Like & Fox "News" Ignores It!
  • Republicans Demonstrate What "The Height Of Hypocrisy" Looks Like & Fox "News" Ignores It! PART DEUX: The Golf Edition
  • Height Of Hypocrisy 3: Using Taxpayer Money For Personal Use Like Communists & Dictators
  • Height Of Hypocrisy 4: Republican Hypocrisy On The Deficit Is Epic!
  • Height Of Hypocrisy 5: Roy Moore Hypocrisy & Deficit Hypocrisy Show GOP Stand For Nothing. Not Family Values. Not Fiscal Responsibility. Nothing. Except Maybe Pedophiles.
  • Height Of Hypocrisy 6: GOP & Fox News Helps Trump In Obstruction Of Justice Showing They Don't Care About The Rule Of Law... And Now, The Nation Is in A Constitutional Crisis!
  • Height Of Hypocrisy 7: The Executive Order & Dictator/Tyrant Hypocrisy
  • GOP's Height Of Hypocrisy Series Part 8: Being Civil To The Uncivil Would Be An Atrocity! Fearing the Backlash the Trump Administration Calls For Civility After Showing None Since The Campaigning Days!
  • GOP's Height Of Hypocrisy Series Part 9: The Supreme Court Hypocrisy & Why Approving Any Trump Nominee To The Supreme Court Is A Bad Idea!
  • GOP's Height Of Hypocrisy Series Part 10: Rule of Law Hypocrisy - More Evidence Of The GOP Obstructing Justice & Other Constitutional Abuses
  • GOP Latest Hypocrisy On Healthcare... Inspired By My Explanation Of Why Trump Won In 2016?

9/11

  • BREAKING: "WTC 7 Did Not Collapse from Fire" Dr. Leroy Hulsey... Engineering Experts, 9/11 Families And A Former NIST Employee Call On Congress To Launch A New Investigation Into 9/11!
  • 9/11 News: Video Shows How World Trade Center Building # 7 Fell And How Badly The NIST Got The Modeling Of The Collapse Wrong
  • The Deep State Red Herring: Created By Alex Jones & Picked Up By The Others To Blame All Of Trump's Crimes On A Fictional Enemy
  • The Evidence Of Molten Metal, Explosions And Building Architecture That Proves Explosives Were Used On 9/11
  • Visual Analysis: The Plane That Hit The Pentagon On 9/11 Was Too Small To Be A Passenger Jet But Not Too Small To Be a Drone
  • The Explosive Testimony Of The 9/11 Firefighters & Other 9/11 Truth Heroes
  • 9/11 Analysis: The Strange FBI 9/11 Attack Photos That Would Have Provoked An Inquiry On ANY TV Detective Show But Not In Real Life
  • 9/11 - The Day The Earth Turned To Water: The Flight 93 & Pentagon Debris Pattern Resembles A Plane Crash At Sea Not On Land!
  • Lawsuit Filed Against The FBI For Its Failure To Incorporate Key Evidence In Its Report To Congress On The 9/11 Attacks
  • 9/11 Cognitive Dissonance: Who Cares How Hot Jet Fuel Burns? The Whole Building Wasn't Even On Fire, How Could The Steel AND Concrete Dissolve So Fast That It Collapses In Seconds Without Even Being On Fire?!
  • 9/11 News: University of Alaska Fairbanks Study Finds Fire Did Not Cause Building 7’s Collapse on 9/11
  • 9/11 News: Majority Who See Building 7's Collapse Suspect Explosives
  • 9/11 News: Architects and Engineers Explain the Mystery of Building 7 (Ed Asner Narrates)
  • 9/11 History: The "Free Press" Ended A Long Time Ago (Or Maybe It Has Just Been Compromised By Stockholms Syndrome Since 9/11 By The GOP?)
  • An Exclusive Look At The 9/11 Terrorists In Their Den On 9/11: Pictures Of Dick Cheney Admiring His Handiwork On 9/11
  • 9/11 Mysteries: The Mystery Of The Magical Passport
  • 9/11 History: The Repeated Calls To Reopen The Investigation Into 9/11 Ignored!
  • Support The Bobby McIlvaine Act To Start A New Investigation Into Official Unscientific Stories Of 9/11
  • Update: Professional Engineers & Architects From AE911truth.org Continue To Debunk The Unscientific Official Story Of 9/11

Civil Unrest Scale

Civil Unrest Scale
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Recommended Reading

Primitive Mythology By Joseph Campbell

Primitive Mythology By Joseph Campbell
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Occidental Mythology By Joseph Campbell

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Quotes


"Make peace with the universe. Take joy in it. It will turn to gold. Resurrection will be now. Every moment, a new beauty." - Rumi

"God is a metaphor for that which transcends all levels of intellectual thought. It's as simple as that." - Joseph Campbell

“If a problem is fixable, if a situation is such that you can do something about it, then there is no need to worry. If it's not fixable, then there is no help in worrying. There is no benefit in worrying whatsoever.” - Dalai Lama

“Be empty of worrying. Think of who created thought! Why do you stay in prison. When the door is so wide open?” ― Rumi

"Of all the animosities which have existed among mankind, those which are caused by difference of sentiments in religion appear to be the most inveterate and distressing, and ought most to be deprecated. I was in hopes that the enlightened and liberal policy, which has marked the present age, would at least have reconciled Christians of every denomination so far that we should never again see the religious disputes carried to such a pitch as to endanger the peace of society." - George Washington

Xmas

  • Santa's Surprise
  • Animation: Jack Frost (1934)
  • Animation: The Star Of Bethlehem
  • Animation: A Christmas Tree (1959)
  • The "War On Christmas"... Exposed!
  • Animation: The Christmas Visitor (1959)
  • Samantha Bee's 2018 Christmas Special
  • Christmas Cartoon: Christmas Night (1933)
  • Movie: Santa Clause Conquers the Martians
  • Christmas Special: Jon Stewart On Christmas
  • Christmas Carol - An Animated Movie (Cartoon)
  • Christmas Special 2017: The War On Christmas
  • "The War On Christmas" ... Exposed! (Part Deux)
  • Christmas Movie: A Christmas Without Snow (1980)
  • Christmas Sing-A-Long Cartoon: Snow Foolin' (1949)
  • Christmas Cartoon: Somewhere In Dreamland (1936)
  • Cartoon: Santa and the Three Bears (1970 - 45 mins)
  • Christmas Cartoon: Rudolph, The Red Nose Reindeer
  • Animation: Christmas Comes But Once A Year (Cartoon)
  • "The War On Christmas"... Exposed! (The Colbert Edition)
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 1
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 2
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 3
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 4
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 5
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 6
  • Christmas Special 2017: Happy Christmas With The President!
  • Animation: The Shanty Where Santa Claus Lives (1933 - Christmas Cartoon)
  • Comedy Central's Non-Denominational Christmas Special (S1Ep101) - Part 1
  • Comedy Central's Non-Denominational Christmas Special (S1Ep101) - Part 2
  • Comedy Central's Non-Denominational Christmas Special (S1Ep101) - Part 3
  • Old Silent Christmas Movies: The Night Before Christmas (1908) & The Christmas Angel (1904)
  • A Christmas Carol - Movie & Audio Books - The 1st Silent Film & 1st Audio Film Of A Christmas Carol

Full Movies Online

  • Action/Adventure: Into the Blue (2005)
  • Comedy: Dorm Troopers (Film/Movie)
  • Home | Horror Movie | Thriller | Drama Film
  • Sci Fi Movie: The Last Starship (2016)
  • Highlander | Action Movie | Sean Connery | Christopher Lambert | Full Film
  • Entertainment Past Links

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      • Learning and Education With The 'Socratic Method'
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      • Financial Regulation by Bert Ely
      • Externalities by Bryan Caplan
      • Public Goods by Tyler Cowen
      • Protectionism by Jagdish Bhagwati
      • Free Market by Murray N. Rothbard
      • Socialism by Robert Heilbroner
      • Informational Links
      • "Who Killed The Electric Car?" On PBS NOW
      • An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore
    • ►  April (37)
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