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"Naturally, every age thinks that all ages before it were prejudiced, and today we think this more than ever and are just as wrong as all previous ages that thought so. How often have we not seen the truth condemned! It is sad but unfortunately true that man learns nothing from history." - Carl Jung

Apr 9, 2009

Financial Regulation by Bert Ely

From the Encyclopedia of Economics:

Financial regulation in the United States, and elsewhere in the developed world, breaks down into two basic categories: safety-and-soundness regulation and compliance. While this entry focuses on U.S. financial services regulation, it broadly reflects what occurs elsewhere.

Financial institutions serve various purposes. Depository institutions (banks, savings and loans [S&Ls], and credit unions) transform liquid liabilities (checking accounts, savings accounts, and certificates of deposit that can be cashed in prior to maturity) into relatively illiquid assets, such as home mortgages, car loans, loans to finance business inventories and accounts receivable, and credit card balances. Depository institutions also operate the payments system where bank balances are shifted between parties through checks, wire transfers, and credit and debit card transactions. Insurance companies fall into two broad categories—life and health insurers, whose policies provide financial protection against death, disability, and medical bills; and property and casualty insurers, whose policies protect policyholders against losses arising from fire, natural disasters, accidents, fraud, and other calamities. Stockbrokers and related investment banking firms are central players in the capital markets where businesses raise capital and where individuals and institutional investors buy and sell shares of stock in business enterprises.

The basic goal of safety-and-soundness regulation is to protect “fixed-amount creditors” from losses arising from the insolvency of financial institutions owing those amounts, while ensuring stability within the financial system. Fixed-amount creditors are bank depositors, beneficiaries and claimants of insurance companies, and account holders at brokerage firms who are owed fixed amounts of money. Investors in a stock or bond mutual fund are not fixed-amount creditors because the value of their investments is determined solely by the market value of the fund’s investments. Financial institutions with fixed-amount creditors include banks, S&Ls, credit unions, insurance companies, stockbrokers, and money-market mutual funds (MMMF). Compliance regulation broadly seeks to protect individuals from “unfair” dealing by financial institutions and in the financial markets and to impede such crimes as “money laundering,” although this crime is hard to define.

Financial regulation in the United States is carried out by an alphabet soup of federal and state agencies. The federal bank regulators include the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Office of Thrift Supervision, and the National Credit Union Administration. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulates stockbrokers, MMMFs, stock and bond mutual funds, stock trading—including the stock exchanges—and financial disclosures by publicly traded corporations. State regulators oversee state-chartered banks, savings institutions, and credit unions as well as all insurance companies. State securities regulators are a junior partner to the SEC in that field.

Safety-and-Soundness Regulation

Safety-and-soundness, or solvency, regulation seeks to prevent financial institutions with fixed-amount creditors from becoming insolvent. Because government regulation cannot prevent all insolvencies, however, governments have created mechanisms to protect at least small fixed-amount creditors from any loss when a depository institution, insurance company, or brokerage firm has become insolvent—that is, has “failed.” These mechanisms, such as deposit insurance, insurance guaranty funds, and investor protection funds, can properly be viewed as a product warranty for solvency regulation. That is, they protect fixed-amount creditors against losses when the “product,” regulation, which is supposed to protect fixed-amount creditors, fails to prevent a financial institution’s insolvency.

For the more than three centuries that banks and insurance companies have been chartered by governments, notably with the founding of the Bank of England in 1694, governments have imposed regulations to ensure that these institutions remain both solvent (the value of their assets exceeds their liabilities) and liquid (they can meet payment requests, such as checks and insurance claims, when presented). The principal solvency regulation today centers on capital regulation; that is, the financial institution must maintain a positive capital position (its assets exceed its liabilities) equal to at least a certain portion of its assets. Other solvency regulations force asset diversity by limiting loan and investment concentrations among various classes of borrowers or the amount of credit extended to any one borrower.

In 1988, banking regulators in the industrialized world began to implement a bank capital regulation, now called Basel I, which related the amount of capital a bank had to hold to the riskiness of its assets. Although Basel I was crude in many regards, many banks are financially stronger today because the amount of capital they hold bears a better relationship to the riskiness of their assets. Banking regulators are now attempting to implement a more sophisticated capital standard, called Basel II. When or if Basel II will be fully implemented is an open question.

Solvency regulations are enforced by examiners who assess the value of an institution’s assets and determine the scope of its liabilities, a particularly important function in property and casualty insurance companies. A financial institution can become insolvent (its liabilities exceed the value of its assets) if it suffers a large sudden loss or a sustained period of smaller losses. Likewise, a seemingly solvent bank or insurance company can turn out to be insolvent if examiners find hidden losses—assets have been overvalued or liabilities have not been recognized. Quite often, fraud is the underlying cause of those losses.

Even honest managements can experience sudden losses if a large natural disaster causes a spike in insurance claims or if the value of loan collateral plunges. While there was some fraud in the twelve hundred S&Ls that failed during the U.S. S&L crisis of the 1980s, much of the insolvency loss in those failures arose from the collapse of real estate values, particularly in Texas. To help prevent another S&L crisis, in 1991 the U.S. Congress enacted a set of regulatory reforms, called Prompt Corrective Action, to ensure that regulators would not again drag their feet in closing insolvent banks and S&Ls. While these reforms seem to be working, they have not been tested by a full-fledged banking crisis.

Often, insolvent banks are illiquid—that is, they do not have enough cash on hand to pay customer checks and deposit withdrawals. This almost certainly is true when there is a run on the bank. Illiquidity also can strike a solvent bank, although that is relatively rare. To prevent banking panics in the event that banks cannot honor withdrawal requests, Congress has authorized the Federal Reserve to act as a lender of last resort; that is, the Fed stands ready to lend to an illiquid bank when no one else will, provided the bank can fully collateralize its loan with high-quality assets.

MMMFs represent a special case with regard to solvency regulation and liquidity concerns. By design, MMMFs have no capital, that is, the value of their assets must always equal the face value of the shares they have issued to their shareholders; these shares usually are valued at one dollar per share. Also, MMMFs are not authorized to borrow from the Federal Reserve. SEC examiners therefore must determine that an MMMF’s assets can readily be sold or redeemed for their stated value. Since MMMFs have no fixed-amount creditor protection comparable to deposit insurance, they can invest only in low-risk assets so that no MMMF will “break the buck,” which could unleash a “run” on all MMMFs—that is, MMMF shareholders would attempt to cash in their MMMF shares at the same time. Given that MMMFs had $2.1 trillion of shares outstanding at the end of 2006, that is a legitimate fear. Although the Federal Reserve does not admit to this, it is widely believed that the Fed would provide emergency liquidity to the MMMFs should there be a run on them, in order to maintain the stability of the U.S. financial system, even though this action might be costly to taxpayers.
Deposit Insurance and Other Fixed-Amount Creditor Protection Schemes

Various fixed-amount creditor protection schemes have emerged in the United States, usually in response to crises arising from regulatory failures. State-provided deposit insurance dates to 1829 with the formation of the New York Safety Fund. Fourteen state deposit insurance funds eventually operated, but all had failed by the onset of the Great Depression. In 1933, following the failure of nine thousand mostly small banks in 1930–1933, Congress chartered the FDIC. Shortly thereafter, it created the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) to insure S&Ls. In the aftermath of the S&L debacle, which so far has cost taxpayers about $124 billion, Congress abolished the FSLIC and gave the FDIC responsibility for all bank and S&L deposit insurance.

While deposit insurance for credit unions (called “share insurance”) started at the state level, in 1970, Congress created the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF) to give credit union members the same level of protection that bank and S&L depositors have. Today, with the exception of 175 state-chartered credit unions served by a private insurer, the federal government insures all bank, S&L, and credit union depositors.

Since 1980, the basic deposit insurance limit has been $100,000 per depositor per bank, S&L, or credit union (up from an initial $5,000 in 1934). However, because bank accounts can legally be titled in various ways, a family can hold many times that amount in insured deposits in a bank. While business deposits are insured, too, deposits in the foreign offices of U.S. banks are not. On December 31, 2006, the estimated amount of insured deposits approximated $4.6 trillion. Uninsured deposits in domestic and foreign offices of banks, S&Ls, and credit unions totaled another $3.8 trillion.

Congress intended, when it passed major deposit insurance reforms in 1991, that uninsured depositors not be protected should their bank fail. Instead, Congress wanted uninsured depositors (presumably more sophisticated than small depositors) to monitor their bank’s condition and to withdraw funds from the bank if it got into trouble. In effect, bank runs are supposed to wake up regulators who fail to close a failing bank before it becomes insolvent. However, Congress’s desire to share insolvency losses with uninsured depositors clashed with a real-world reality: depositor flight from a large bank could undermine confidence in large sound banks, leading to a banking collapse, a freeze-up of the payments system, and serious economic damage. Therefore, as a practical matter, the $100,000 insurance limit applies only to small banks, and not to so-called too-big-to-fail banks.

U.S. banking regulators have been loath to publicly identify America’s too-big-to-fail banks, preferring to maintain the fiction that no bank is too big to fail. In its 1991 reform legislation, however, Congress included a “systemic risk” exception, which gives the regulators (with the approval of the president and the secretary of the treasury) the authority to protect all depositors (domestic and foreign) and all other creditors of a large failing bank if the regulators have determined that trying to impose losses on uninsured depositors and other creditors “would have serious adverse effects on economic conditions or financial stability.” In other words, uninsured deposits are, in fact, insured if they are in a large bank.

Governments in other industrialized countries have stated their belief that some banks are too big to fail. Therefore, despite deposit insurance schemes similar to those of the United States, only large depositors in small banks have to worry about suffering a loss should their bank fail. Even then, many countries are reluctant to enforce their deposit insurance limits. Japan is an excellent example, as its government postponed implementing explicit deposit insurance limits while cleaning up its massive banking problems, without any loss to depositors.

The home countries of globally active banks—those with branches or banking subsidiaries in other countries—will find it difficult not to protect depositors and other creditors in other countries in which a troubled bank operates because of concerns of regulatory retribution if it tries to protect only home-country depositors. New Zealand, where most banking assets are controlled by very large banks headquartered elsewhere (principally Australia), is a beneficiary of this phenomenon.

Because U.S. insurance companies are chartered and regulated solely by the states, the states have assumed protection of insureds through two sets of “guaranty funds,” one for life and health insurance companies and one for property and casualty companies. The types of protections and the dollar limits of those protections vary among the states. State governments’ intent is to protect small insureds and those with relatively small insurance claims—a few hundred thousand dollars at most—from any loss.

Although similar to deposit insurance, guaranty funds differ in one important respect. While the FDIC and NCUSIF collect premiums in advance of the payment of losses, the guaranty funds (with the exception of New York’s) collect funds from surviving insurance companies only as they make payments to insureds and claimants. Like deposit insurance, though, the guaranty funds are actuarially unsound because they do not charge risk-sensitive premiums: riskier institutions pay no more, per dollar of protection, than safer institutions.

The Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) protects customers of failed stock and bond brokerages from brokerage fraud (stolen cash and missing securities), but not from loss in the market value of securities they own. The maximum SIPC protection per customer is $500,000, including a maximum of $100,000 for cash claims.

Another federal financial insurance venture is the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC). Unlike the insurance and guaranty funds described above, the PBGC is not a “product warranty” for failed regulation. Instead, it protects beneficiaries of defined-benefit pension plans that have been taken over by the PBGC because the pension plan sponsor (usually a financially troubled corporation) has gone bankrupt or out of business. Steel companies and airlines are among the firms that have dumped their unfunded pension liabilities on the PBGC. As happened with the FSLIC, federal taxpayers may eventually be forced to bail out the PBGC.

Common to all government insurance and guaranty programs is “moral hazard,” the risk that the insured or guaranteed institution will make economically unwise bets because severe losses from these bets will fall on taxpayers, while owners and managers will profit from winning bets. As insurers learned long ago, properly priced insurance premiums are key to minimizing moral hazard. This moral hazard was the main cause of the s&l crisis in the 1980s. Unfortunately, government insurers cannot charge truly risk-sensitive premiums without experiencing severe political opposition from those who would pay high premiums because of their riskiness. Hence, moral hazard will continue to plague government insurance and guaranty programs. (read more)
Posted by Abe at 7:44 PM
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Introduction To Culture

  • What is the difference between culture and society?
  • History: The earliest evidence of ritual and myth part 1
  • The earliest evidence of ritual and myth part 2
  • Daniel Quinn’s theories on culture and civilization part 1
  • Daniel Quinn’s theories on culture and civilization part 2
  • Daniel Quinn’s theories on culture and civilization part 3
  • Daniel Quinn’s theories on culture and civilization part 4
  • Could American psychology have a major Native American influence?
  • Jared Diamond’s ‘Guns, Germs and Steel’ Part 1 – Out of Eden
  • Jared Diamond’s ‘Guns, Germs and Steel’ Part 2 – Conquest and the Tropics
  • Joseph Campbell puts culture and society in perspective
  • Reflection of Cultural Perspectives Through Gardening
  • Psychology: An introduction to the use of psychology in understanding culture and society
  • Having More Than One Head... Do Myths, Such As Medusa, Contain Slivers of Truth?
  • How Can Psychiatrists Be Allowed To Prescribe A Physical Substance For A Mental Disease That Has No Biological Source?
  • Has The USA Become Like A Sort Of Disneyland?
  • American Lion: Andrew Jackson in The Whitehouse
  • Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (Book Review)
  • The Constitution Is A Liberal Document & The Founding Fathers Were Liberals
  • Our Title Comes Second. What We Are (CITIZENS) Comes First. - Obama

Learning & Education

  • Prelude to a new article series on education
  • Learning and Education With The 'Socratic Method'
  • The Power Of Your Brain: Brain Plasticity & IQ Enhancement
  • How Emotions Cloud Judgement: An Introduction To True Empathy
  • Introduction To NLP, It's Therapeutic Models & The 5 Minute Phobia Cure (With A Talk By Richard Bandler)
  • Basics of Body Language and Lie Detection
  • Book Review: What Is Intelligence? - The Flyn Effect
  • Problems With The "No Child Left Behind" Act In 3 Interviews
  • Education Part 1 - The Problem Of Psychiatric Drugs
  • How Can Psychiatrists Be Allowed To Prescribe A Physical Substance For A Mental Disease That Has No Biological Source?
  • The Fragmentation of Knowledge Part 1 [Or, The case against over-specialization in theory based academics]

Animals

  • Animals And Humans Share DNA, A Nervous System, Intelligence, Creativity And Emotions (Such As Empathy)
  • The Modern Dodo: Meet The Flightless Parrot Called The Kakapo
  • Incredible Animals: A Look At Elephant Intelligence (They Can Paint, Count, Communicate etc.)
  • Incredible Animals: A Look At Parrot Intelligence
  • Incredible Animals: A Look At Raccoon Intelligence
  • Incredible Animals: A Look At Whale Intelligence
  • Incredible Animals: A Look At Dolphin Intelligence

Media's War On The People

  • Mainstream Media's War On the People Part 2 - Applying Double Standards To Leadership That Helps Republicans Obstruct The Democrats Majority But Don't Allow The Democrats To Do The Same To The GOP Minority
  • Mainstream Media's War On The People Part 1: Treating Majority Views Of Democrats As Extreme & Extremist Views Of Republicans As Normal
  • Mainstream Media's War On The People: Media Silence On Fox News & The GOP's Continued Incendiary Rhetoric, Given The Insurrection, Indicates Complicity
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 10 (Making A Few Bad Apples Seem Like The Whole Apple Grove)
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 9 (Promoting A Fundamentalist Domestic Terror Group)
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 8 (Helping Cover Up GOP Discrimination Against Jews)
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 7
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 6
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 5
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 4
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 3
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 2
  • How Mainstream Media Helps The Republicans Lie To The People - Part 1
  • Media Matters Proves Corporate Media's Journalists Aren't Real Journalists
  • Mainstream Media Is Markedly Pro-Right Wing Lies
  • Mainstream Media Is Markedly Pro-Right Wing Lies - Part 2
  • Media Matters: NY Times Shouldn't Treat Matters Of Facts As Opinions, And Opinions Shouldn’t Be Treated As Matters Of Fact
  • We Know That Most People Only Read Headlines So Is Mainstream Media Being Incredibly Stupid Or Are They Intentionally Pushing Untruths?
  • Washington Post & NY Times Buried The Lead - And The Facts - With A Pro-Republican Lies Push On A Coronavirus Bill
  • CNN's "Civility" Argument Shows CNN Anchors/Hosts Can't Put Facts In Context Of What's Going On!
  • The Ultimate Proofs That Fox News Is Basically Just A Group Of White Supremacists/Nationalists/Nazis

Politics

  • Fox Used To Pretend It Was Part News And Part Opinion. That Pretense Is Over. Now Its Lies All the Time.
  • After Helping To Cancel 500,000 Lives With Coronavirus Misinformation, Fox News Conservatives Go On TV To Complain About Cancel Culture
  • For Fox News, Mass Murder In The U.S. Was Just The Cost Of Doing Business
  • Congratulations To Fox News For Winning The Misinformer Of The Year Award!
  • Fox News Merged With The Trump Administration And Showed Up What They Are Made Of Over The Last 4 Years
  • With Democrats in Control of the White House, House and the Senate They Must Get Rid Of The Filibuster Or Choose Undemocratic Minority Rule
  • Daily Show & Colbert Report Prove That Fox News Is Fake News
  • Daily Show: Jordan Klepper vs. Trump Supporters
  • Trump's Legacy: A Look At The January 6th Insurrection And Attempted Coup By Trump/GOP/FoxNews
  • Hypocrisy On Display: Ted Cruz Demonstrates What He Stands For (Texas Winter Power Outage 2021)
  • Texas Winter Power Outage 2021: GOP And Fox News Lie And Demonize To Hide Their Economic Incompetence
  • Mitch McConnell Pretends to Be Honorable After Avoiding To Convict Trump For Treason Again, Again!
  • Highlights Of Trump's Acquittal With Late Night Hosts (2nd Senate Trial)
  • Highlights Of The Second Impeachment Trial's Case Against Trump With Late Night Hosts
  • The Rights War On The Left - A Walk Through Some Of The Intimidation/Bullying/Terror Tactics Fox News Uses
  • The Rights War On The Left (Blaming The Left For Everything Is A Standard Tactic Of GOP & Fox News)
  • The Real Divide In America Is Establishment VS Non/Anti-Establishment ("We The People") - With Robert Reich
  • Politics Update: The GOP & Fox News Take Domestic Terrorism To New Levels
  • GOP, Fox News & Right Wing Media Are Waging War On Rule Of Law
  • Class Warfare: How The GOP, Fox News & Billionaires Make Nonsense Sound Like Common Sense
  • Lou Dobbs: One Of The Creepiest Authoritarian Style Newsperson From Fox News Was Just Fired Because Of A Multi Billion Lawsuit Against Fox For Its Lies
  • After Helping Trump Lie & Deceive The People For Four Years, On Trump's Last Day, Mitch McConnell Pretends to Be Honorable After Avoiding To Impeach Trump For Treason, Again!
  • Trump's Top 100 Scandals That The Trump Presidential Library Is Going To Have To Explain Away
  • Tucker Carlson Is Going Out Of His Way To Help Trump Get People Sick With Coronavirus
  • Joe Biden's Vote For The Iraq War Proves He Lacks Leadership Qualities That Are Needed To Run A Country (Such As The Ability To Tell Right From Wrong, i.e. Biden Is Incompetent, At The Very Least)

GOP's Height Of Hypocrisy Series

  • Seth Meyers: Trump And His Allies Are Lying In The Exact Same Ways The Bush Administration Lied Us Into A Catastrophic War In Iraq Nearly 17 years Ago
  • The Anti-Diplomacy And Anti-Deal Making Party: The GOP Used Bullying And Assassination To Start A War With Iran
  • The United States Of Russia: Why Is Trump Always Sucking Putin's Dick? And Why Are The GOP Joining Him? If You Can't Beat 'Em Join 'Em?
  • As Anti-American As A Party Can Get: Trump Sees Himself As A King And The GOP Are More Than Willing To Comply And Treat Him Like A King (Fighting A King Is What Created The USA In The First Place!)
  • Mitch McConnell: The Most Anti-American And Un-Constitutional Politician Of All Time?
  • Lindsey Graham's Hypocrisy On Impeachment Is Epic
  • Snapshot Of The Present: Colbert Calls The GOP "A Spineless Group of Self-Interested Toadies Who Would Rather See The Country Destroyed Then Stand Up To An Out Of Control, Narcissistic Toddler."
  • A Snapshot Of The Modern Political & Media Structure Under A GOP President (With Seth Meyers)
  • GOP Hypocrisy...The Republicans Basic Argument Is: We Are Going To Hurt & Betray The Country But You Should Be Nice To Us... While We Lie & Incite Terror!
  • Republicans Demonstrate What "The Height Of Hypocrisy" Looks Like & Fox "News" Ignores It!
  • Republicans Demonstrate What "The Height Of Hypocrisy" Looks Like & Fox "News" Ignores It! PART DEUX: The Golf Edition
  • Height Of Hypocrisy 3: Using Taxpayer Money For Personal Use Like Communists & Dictators
  • Height Of Hypocrisy 4: Republican Hypocrisy On The Deficit Is Epic!
  • Height Of Hypocrisy 5: Roy Moore Hypocrisy & Deficit Hypocrisy Show GOP Stand For Nothing. Not Family Values. Not Fiscal Responsibility. Nothing. Except Maybe Pedophiles.
  • Height Of Hypocrisy 6: GOP & Fox News Helps Trump In Obstruction Of Justice Showing They Don't Care About The Rule Of Law... And Now, The Nation Is in A Constitutional Crisis!
  • Height Of Hypocrisy 7: The Executive Order & Dictator/Tyrant Hypocrisy
  • GOP's Height Of Hypocrisy Series Part 8: Being Civil To The Uncivil Would Be An Atrocity! Fearing the Backlash the Trump Administration Calls For Civility After Showing None Since The Campaigning Days!
  • GOP's Height Of Hypocrisy Series Part 9: The Supreme Court Hypocrisy & Why Approving Any Trump Nominee To The Supreme Court Is A Bad Idea!
  • GOP's Height Of Hypocrisy Series Part 10: Rule of Law Hypocrisy - More Evidence Of The GOP Obstructing Justice & Other Constitutional Abuses
  • GOP Latest Hypocrisy On Healthcare... Inspired By My Explanation Of Why Trump Won In 2016?

9/11

  • BREAKING: "WTC 7 Did Not Collapse from Fire" Dr. Leroy Hulsey... Engineering Experts, 9/11 Families And A Former NIST Employee Call On Congress To Launch A New Investigation Into 9/11!
  • 9/11 News: Video Shows How World Trade Center Building # 7 Fell And How Badly The NIST Got The Modeling Of The Collapse Wrong
  • The Deep State Red Herring: Created By Alex Jones & Picked Up By The Others To Blame All Of Trump's Crimes On A Fictional Enemy
  • The Evidence Of Molten Metal, Explosions And Building Architecture That Proves Explosives Were Used On 9/11
  • Visual Analysis: The Plane That Hit The Pentagon On 9/11 Was Too Small To Be A Passenger Jet But Not Too Small To Be a Drone
  • The Explosive Testimony Of The 9/11 Firefighters & Other 9/11 Truth Heroes
  • 9/11 Analysis: The Strange FBI 9/11 Attack Photos That Would Have Provoked An Inquiry On ANY TV Detective Show But Not In Real Life
  • 9/11 - The Day The Earth Turned To Water: The Flight 93 & Pentagon Debris Pattern Resembles A Plane Crash At Sea Not On Land!
  • Lawsuit Filed Against The FBI For Its Failure To Incorporate Key Evidence In Its Report To Congress On The 9/11 Attacks
  • 9/11 Cognitive Dissonance: Who Cares How Hot Jet Fuel Burns? The Whole Building Wasn't Even On Fire, How Could The Steel AND Concrete Dissolve So Fast That It Collapses In Seconds Without Even Being On Fire?!
  • 9/11 News: University of Alaska Fairbanks Study Finds Fire Did Not Cause Building 7’s Collapse on 9/11
  • 9/11 News: Majority Who See Building 7's Collapse Suspect Explosives
  • 9/11 News: Architects and Engineers Explain the Mystery of Building 7 (Ed Asner Narrates)
  • 9/11 History: The "Free Press" Ended A Long Time Ago (Or Maybe It Has Just Been Compromised By Stockholms Syndrome Since 9/11 By The GOP?)
  • An Exclusive Look At The 9/11 Terrorists In Their Den On 9/11: Pictures Of Dick Cheney Admiring His Handiwork On 9/11
  • 9/11 Mysteries: The Mystery Of The Magical Passport
  • 9/11 History: The Repeated Calls To Reopen The Investigation Into 9/11 Ignored!
  • Support The Bobby McIlvaine Act To Start A New Investigation Into Official Unscientific Stories Of 9/11
  • Update: Professional Engineers & Architects From AE911truth.org Continue To Debunk The Unscientific Official Story Of 9/11

Civil Unrest Scale

Civil Unrest Scale
Click Image To Learn About The Economic Indicators Of Social Unrest

Recommended Reading

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Quotes


"Make peace with the universe. Take joy in it. It will turn to gold. Resurrection will be now. Every moment, a new beauty." - Rumi

"God is a metaphor for that which transcends all levels of intellectual thought. It's as simple as that." - Joseph Campbell

“If a problem is fixable, if a situation is such that you can do something about it, then there is no need to worry. If it's not fixable, then there is no help in worrying. There is no benefit in worrying whatsoever.” - Dalai Lama

“Be empty of worrying. Think of who created thought! Why do you stay in prison. When the door is so wide open?” ― Rumi

"Of all the animosities which have existed among mankind, those which are caused by difference of sentiments in religion appear to be the most inveterate and distressing, and ought most to be deprecated. I was in hopes that the enlightened and liberal policy, which has marked the present age, would at least have reconciled Christians of every denomination so far that we should never again see the religious disputes carried to such a pitch as to endanger the peace of society." - George Washington

Xmas

  • Santa's Surprise
  • Animation: Jack Frost (1934)
  • Animation: The Star Of Bethlehem
  • Animation: A Christmas Tree (1959)
  • The "War On Christmas"... Exposed!
  • Animation: The Christmas Visitor (1959)
  • Samantha Bee's 2018 Christmas Special
  • Christmas Cartoon: Christmas Night (1933)
  • Movie: Santa Clause Conquers the Martians
  • Christmas Special: Jon Stewart On Christmas
  • Christmas Carol - An Animated Movie (Cartoon)
  • Christmas Special 2017: The War On Christmas
  • "The War On Christmas" ... Exposed! (Part Deux)
  • Christmas Movie: A Christmas Without Snow (1980)
  • Christmas Sing-A-Long Cartoon: Snow Foolin' (1949)
  • Christmas Cartoon: Somewhere In Dreamland (1936)
  • Cartoon: Santa and the Three Bears (1970 - 45 mins)
  • Christmas Cartoon: Rudolph, The Red Nose Reindeer
  • Animation: Christmas Comes But Once A Year (Cartoon)
  • "The War On Christmas"... Exposed! (The Colbert Edition)
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 1
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 2
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 3
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 4
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 5
  • Christmas Special: Stephen Colbert On Christmas - Part 6
  • Christmas Special 2017: Happy Christmas With The President!
  • Animation: The Shanty Where Santa Claus Lives (1933 - Christmas Cartoon)
  • Comedy Central's Non-Denominational Christmas Special (S1Ep101) - Part 1
  • Comedy Central's Non-Denominational Christmas Special (S1Ep101) - Part 2
  • Comedy Central's Non-Denominational Christmas Special (S1Ep101) - Part 3
  • Old Silent Christmas Movies: The Night Before Christmas (1908) & The Christmas Angel (1904)
  • A Christmas Carol - Movie & Audio Books - The 1st Silent Film & 1st Audio Film Of A Christmas Carol

Full Movies Online

  • Action/Adventure: Into the Blue (2005)
  • Comedy: Dorm Troopers (Film/Movie)
  • Home | Horror Movie | Thriller | Drama Film
  • Sci Fi Movie: The Last Starship (2016)
  • Highlander | Action Movie | Sean Connery | Christopher Lambert | Full Film
  • Entertainment Past Links

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